MENA Americans Awad and colleagues’ (2019) article explain three macolevel factors related to cumulative trauma for MENA Americans; these factors include, historical trauma, national context, and societal/institutional discrimination (Figure 1). Figure one also includes two microlevel factors: interpersonal discrimination and identity and recognition. There are many negative outcomes for MENA Americans due to traumatic experiences, such as “a chronic sense of hopelessness, insecurity, and alienation” (Awad, 2019, para. 30). There’s also evidence in Awad’s (2019) article concerning many mental health effects, such as “higher levels of anxiety, depression, and other symptoms of psychological distress” (para. 31). In addition to this, the physical outcomes of trauma for MENA Americans include, “poorer general health status and higher rates of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, respiratory disorders, digestive disorders, and some cancers” (para. 32). The nation...